![]() The space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing 260 kilograms (570 pounds), that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Last telemetry Aplast signal received January 23, 2003 ( ) Īrtist's impression of Pioneer 10 's flyby of Jupiter This article was most recently revised and updated by Erik Gregersen.Artist's conception of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft ![]() The second spacecraft, the Multiprobe, dropped one large and three small instrument packages into the planet’s atmosphere at different locations to measure various physical and chemical properties. The first, called the Orbiter, studied Venus’s clouds and atmosphere and mapped more than 90 percent of its surface by radar. Two complementary Pioneer Venus spacecraft (Pioneer 12 and 13 1978) reached their destination at the end of 1978. Pioneers 10 and 11 each carried a gold plaque inscribed with a pictorial message in the event that extraterrestrial beings ever found the spacecraft. It transmitted data and photographs that enabled scientists on Earth to identify two additional rings around the planet and the presence of radiation belts within its magnetosphere. Pioneer 11 (launched April 6, 1973), also called Pioneer- Saturn, passed by Jupiter in December 1974 and flew within about 20,900 km (13,000 miles) of Saturn in September 1979. Pioneer 10 (launched March 3, 1972) flew by Jupiter in December 1973, the first space probe to do so, and discovered its huge magnetic tail, an extension of the planet’s magnetosphere. Pioneer 6 was also one of the oldest functioning spacecraft, transmitting data back to Earth for almost 35 years. It transmitted much data on the solar wind and solar cosmic rays in addition to measuring the Sun’s corona and the tail of Comet Kohoutek. Pioneer 6 (launched 1965), for example, was injected into solar orbit to determine space conditions between Earth and Venus. Whereas the first five Pioneers (0–4, launched from 1958 to 1959) were intended to explore the vicinity of the Moon, all other probes in the series were sent to investigate planetary bodies or to measure various interplanetary-particle and magnetic-field effects. space probes designed chiefly for interplanetary study. Pioneer, any of the first series of unmanned U.S.
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